Pregnancy Test- Katie Dedousis

Invention of the Pregnancy Test

I. Introduction: A pregnancy test is something that has developed greatly over the years. Many beliefs and cultures had different ways of testing that we would find absurd today. Because of the lack of technology back then, people would use methods involving nature, or eating certain foods. But now there is a simple test that women can take to see if they are pregnant.

II. Discovery: As far back as ancient Greece and Egypt, people had different way of testing pregnancy. The ancient Egyptians would have a woman urinate on a bag of wheat, and if germination occurred, the woman was pregnant. Some other cultures based the test on foods a woman would eat, including honey. Strange tests like this carried on for a while, until the 1930’s when a scientist named Georgeanna Jones made a discovery. Jones discovered that the hCG (human chorionic gonodotropin) was produced by the placenta, not the original gland that other scientists had expected. This was important because hCG was an early marker of pregnancy in women. After numerous tests with animals, Jones came to the conclusion that hCG can be found in urine. This created a wide range of possibilities for pregnancy tests. Pregnancy tests used to be very expensive to have, until the 1970’s when the modern home pregnancy test was invented. Since the 1970’s there have been many modifications to the home pregnancy test, but the basics of the tests still remain the same. The down side of an at-home pregnancy test is that they are not always accurate. When tested by scientists, the tests have a 97.4 percent success rate. But when taken by everyday women, the tests only have a 75 percent success rate. The reason for this could be because of improper use, or checking before the stick has had time to calculate the results.

III. Biography of Inventor: Dr. Georgeanna Seegar Jones was one of the most well respected scientists of her field. Dr. Jones was a professor of gynecology and obstetrics at the Eastern Virginia Medical School. Along with her work on pregnancy tests, Dr. Jones also worked on furthering In Vitro Fertilization. Because of Georgeanna Jones’s work, the first IVF baby was born on 1978 in England. Since her death in March 2005, Dr. Jones has been seen as one of the best doctors of gynecology and obstetrics in the world.

Dr. Georgeanna Jones

IV. Impact on the World: I believe that modern pregnancy test have had a major impact on the world. Without these modern and easy tests, women would have a very difficult time figuring out if they’re pregnant. I also believe that Dr. Georgeanna Jones is the reason that all of this is possible. Without her, we wouldn’t have known about the hCG in urine, and people would still be using strange testing methods.

V. Journal Article Review: My journal article was very helpful in further explaining Dr. Jones’s work with the hCG. My article was also very descriptive about her life as a scietist and a professor.

Bibliography:

· Damewood, M. (2005). Her Legacy Lives On. In Memoriam; Gerogeanna Jones, M.D, 1, 2

Jack McVicker 2/13/11

The Domestication of Dogs

I. Introduction
The Domestication of the canine began with the gray wolf. This domestication began several thousands of years ago. Domesticated dogs provided early humans with a guard animal, fur, and a beast of burden. A beast of burden is a labor animal that is usually domesticated. A site of domestic dogs date back to 1656 where a domestic canine is seen in Diego Velazquez’s painting “Las Meninas”.

II. Discovery
The discovery of domesticated dogs seemed to be a very conscious effort by humans. The theory is that the ancient people would take wolf pups into their house or den, adopt them, feed them, trained them and then eventually tamed them. This theory is completely false according to Biologist Raymond Coppinger, who has spent over 45 years of his life working canine studies. Coppinger believes that the ancients would not have had the time necessary to train these wolves, and even if they kept them in their house they would not be very docile in the aspects of food or breading for that matter. If you try and interfere with wolves and their reproductive performance, you could die directly on the spot. Raymond Coppinger has a completely different theory, stating that the wolves began to domesticate themselves. He suspects that wolves began to do this right around the time of the end of the last Ice Age which was approximately 15,000 years ago. He found that because people began to form villages and start to live in one place that the wolves began to follow because evidence of dog fossils came from around this time era.
I will admit that I did not believe Mr. Coppinger at all up until this point in his research when he spoke more about the villages. He stated, “People are organized into continuous settlements — villages where they remain for a long period of time, whether there were sitting on the edge of a shell fishery or on the edge of a coral reef. When humans live in the same spot for a long period of time, they create waste, including both sewage and, more importantly for the dog, leftovers. There are things people can’t eat, seeds that fall on the ground, things that have gone bad,” Coppinger says, “The garbage, which might be found in dumps, or just scattered near houses, attracts scavengers: cockroaches, pigeons, rats, jackals — and wolves.”

Through this research we cannot be sure where the true discovery of domesticated dogs came from, but it seems to be that the first wolves to be domesticated were from Asia.

III. Biology and Behavior
Behavior is included in every activity of a dog’s life, including scratching itself, reproduction, grooming, caring for young, communication, etc. The behavior of a dog could be one’s individual reaction to a stimulus or a physiological change. Physiology is the function of living systems, so a change like this could include illness. The method frequently referred to as “Tinbergen’s four questions”, outlines the specific aspects that are felt to be the central task of ethology (biologic behavioral study). Here are the questions and answers.
1. What causes barking? The answer to this question refers to the immediate causes, such as which the stimuli elicit or stimulate a particular behavior.
2. What is the function of barking? In this case, the answer describes how to performance of a behavior affects that affects the reproductive success, and the fitness of the dog. It has to do with evolutionary aspects and consequences.
3. How does barking develop during ontogeny? Studies of this question say that it depends on the way behavior modifies based on individual experience. That also would answer questions on how barking matures, and how it changes with the age of the dog.
4. How has barking developed during phylogeny? This question is clearly directed towards evolution. It is impossible to examine the vocal behaviors of a fossil but comparing vocalizations of different now living dogs may help us understand this with more depth.
*Ontogeny – it is defined as the history of structural change in a unity, which can be a cell, an organism, or a society of organisms.
*Phylogeny – it is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms.

IV. Impact on the world
The impact domesticated dogs have had on the world can have many different answers. In the beginning of domestication they served as a source of food, fur, and a working animal. As time has progressed dogs have come to live in 49.9 % of houses in America. Dogs can now serve as a pet, a nose that special task forces can utilize, a guide for those who cannot see, and most of all they can serve as a friend.

V. Journal Article Review
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SpkSd__EdKYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=domestication+of+dogs&ots=4l-yULPTY7&sig=wlrZ7m89pgn2uG8E1mwh2Q5ODX4#v=onepage&q=domestication%20of%20dogs&f=false
This book written on the history of dogs was filled with useful information used on this blog. The author of the book “The Behavioral Biology of Dogs” Per Jensen not only used his knowledge but he incorporated a collaboration of useful facts from others who study this topic. He wrote about the origin of the wolf in one section, then talked about the archeological evidence that the first domestic dog came from Europe, Asia, and America. The thing I enjoyed about the book is that he wrote about study methods that were used by a wide range of scientists. Over all, this book was extremely useful in writing this blog.

VI. Bibliography
Coppinger, David. "Dogs That Changed the World - What caused the domestication of wolves? Nature PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., 28 Nov. 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. .
Hirst, K. Kris. "Dog History - Domestication and Dog History." About Archaeology - The Study of Human History. N.p., 12 May 2005. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. .

Pacemakers-By Andrew Longe

Andrew Longe 2/14/11

Biology Mrs. Darco

The Pacemaker

If a patient’s heart stopped with out warning it would often result in death if a defibrillator was not used with in five minutes. Before the invention of pacemakers if a patient had a irregular heart beat or there was a blockage in the hearts electrical system it would normally result in a patients heart stopping. But it was not until 1958 when engineer Earl Bakken invented the first wearable pacemaker.

The first wearable pacemaker developed in 1958 was a very crude version of what we know a pacemaker to be today. Earl Bakken invented it for patients of Dr. C. Walton Lillehei who had a irregular heart beat. His invention was called a transistorised pacemaker. This pacemaker was housed in a small plastic box and had controls to adjust to the heart rate and also the output voltage of the electricity. It was connected to electrode leads, which penetrated through the skin. These electrode leads ended in the surface of the myocardium of the heart.

Later on in the year of 1958 the first ever-implantable pacemaker was implanted into the heart of a patient at the Karolinska Institute in Solna, Sweden. After only three hours the pace maker failed. The pace maker was designed by Rune Elmqvist and was implanted into the heart by surgeon Ake Senning. After the first device had failed a second device was implanted that lasted for two days. The patient went on to recive 26 pace makers through his life time until he died in 2001, at the age of 86.

It was not until February of 1960 that a improved version of the pace maker that the Swedes had designed was implanted in Montevideo, Uruguay. This device lasted until the patient died of other illnesses, which occurred nine months later. These early versions had to be charged from outside the body through a induction coil placed on the skin. It was not until April of 1960 that the pace makers made by engineer Wilson Greatbatch was placed in human hearts. These pacemakers used a new type of battery, which lasted longer than the traditional battery use to. It was not until 1971 that the world saw the pacemaker, as we know it today. These new pacemakers used a lithium-iodide battery, which made them out last their predecessors by far.

In conclusion with out the invention of the pacemakers many people would have died. It has helped save the lives of countless people with heart trouble and irregular heart beats.

The journal article I used for this paper was excellent. I helped me understand about what a pacemaker is and the history behind them. It had many diagrams that showed what and where a pacemaker would go inside a human body. I would recommend this source to a peer if they needed information on a pacemaker.

William Luer

Ballpoint Pens

Introduction:

What would you say the most commonly used writing instrument in the world is? If you said the ballpoint pen you’re exactly right! Ever since June 30, 1888, when John Loud patented one of the first ballpoint pens, inventors such as László Bíró have worked on refining the model. The use of ballpoint pens is somewhat boring, normally being limited to taking notes, jotting things down, or doing work. However, many take for granted the ease at which ballpoint pens allow you to do so.

Discovery:

Pens such as the fountain pen were already in use for many years prior to the ballpoint pen. Many people found the use of fountain pens to be painstaking to say the least. This is due to the fact that it was very slow and messy to replace the ink (often needing a very precise eyedropper), the ink corroded the internal holding chamber, and allowed it to leak from almost every joint. Bíró became frustrated by the amount of time he spent cleaning up these ink smudges and also because the sharp tip of the fountain pen often tore throught his newsprint.

Bíró set out to create a pen that would not have those problems. With the help of his brother, he created the first modern ballpoint pen, patented on June 15, 1938. A very small ball, that is free to turn in a socket, is fitted to the inside of the pens tip. As the pen is dragged across the paper, the ball rotates and picks up ink from the inner ink chamber and applies it evenly onto the paper. Fountain pens on the other hand, work by slowly forcing ink from an internal reservoir. This was very unreliable and marks on the paper were often darker towards the start and gradually became fainter and fainter.

Biography:
The invention of the modern ballpoint pen can be credited to the Hungarian journalist, Laszlo Bíró. Bíró was born in Budapest, Hungary at the turn of the 20th century on September 29, 1899. Prior to claiming his name to fame, Bíró worked many odd jobs. He dabbled in the arts of hypnosis, worked as a clerk for an oil company, became a mildly successful painter, and even gave it a go at motor racing. After those jobs, he became a journalist, which at that time had to use irritating fountain pens.

This is where his motivation came for the ballpoint pen.
Bíró based the idea of the ballpoint pen off his printing press, which ensured a uniform application of the ink across the letters. After several years of experimenting with different designs, Bíró finally came across a design that worked with only slight problems such as precision made ball bearings and an ink of suitable viscosity. The help of many experts and a considerable amount of money eventually fixed these problems.

Impact on world:
Ballpoint pens have changed the face of the world as we know it. Ballpoint pens are indispensable, everywhere you go you will run into somebody that has one sitting around in their purse, their shirt pocket, or even behind their ear. It has even become the first object to be teleported. Some will also say that pens are soon to be a thing of the past, due to the rate at which we are increasing our workload on computers.
The ballpoint pen has also led to the creation of large enterprises such as BIC, which in 2009 had 10,449 employees worldwide. However, BIC does not solely manufacture and market pens. It is also known for making lighters, magnets, shaving razors and water sports products. In conclusion, pens have greatly impacted the world by making writing much easier and possible to do and also have led to the creation of businesses which have given thousands of jobs to people across the globe.

Journal Article:
The journal article I found was written by Bíró and was the original patent issued to him in 1938. In this article, Bíró states that the pen works from a “spherical ball rotatably mounted within an inclosure at the free end of a support having an internal longitudinal opening in communication with a reservoir for the paste located within the hollow barrel of the fountain pen or the like.” He goes on to explain the problems that occur with ballpoint pens when used with normal ink from a fountain pen. Additionally, he says that the ink he has created for his pen will remain liquid-like and oozy while in the reservoir but will quickly dry when exposed to the air.

Bibliography:
"A Ball Point Pen Is The First Teleported Object in Our World! Newsflavor." Newsflavor News In Any Flavor: Daily News, Latest News, Local News, Breaking News, US News, World News. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. .

"Ballpoint Pen History - Invention of the Ballpoint Pen." The Great Idea Finder - Celebrating the Spirit of Innovation. 5 May 2006. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. .

"Ballpoint Pen." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. .

"Budapest Pocket Guide - László Bíró, Inventor of the Ballpoint Pen." Budapest Pocket Guide Budapest Business, Travel & Tourism Portal. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. .

David,, Isaiah. "How Does a Fountain Pen Work? EHow.com." EHow How To Do Just About Everything! How To Videos & Articles. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. .

The Airplane
By: Ally Grayson

Introduction:
The airplane could possibly be one of the most important inventions the world has ever seen. I mean, who would have thought that it would be possible for humans to fly? Well the Wright brothers were the one’s brave enough to take this challenge, and amazingly, they conquered it. Because of them, airplanes are used for mail, transportation, and even in war.
Figure 1

Discovery:
On December 17th, 1903, the first airplane took flight. It had a thirty-two foot wing span and weighed around seven hundred pounds. After many tested studies, the Wright brothers came up with a technique of steering the aircraft using a moveable tail which was connected to the wings for turn stability. In order for this machine to take flight, the brothers had to make a moveable downhill track. The downhill track was made to help the plane gain airspeed in order to fly. Orville Wright was the pilot of this plane, and the flight lasted only twelve seconds.
Figure 2

Biography:
Wilbur Wright was born on April 16th, 1867 in Millville, Indiana. When he was in high school he suffered from a facial injury caused by a hockey puck, which prevented him from continuing his education at Yale. After the injury, Wilbur relied on his father’s books to feed him knowledge, which actually helped him a great deal.
Orville Wright was born on August 19th, 1871 in Daytona, Ohio. Orville was the was the brother with the enthusiastic personality. He was full of abstract ideas which was complimentary to Wilbur’s matureness and direct ideas.
Together, the inseparable boys helped their father out with his business until he opened the Wright Cycling Shop in 1892. This was where Wilbur and Orville’s engineering skills took their flight. After testing many aircrafts over and over again for many years, they created the first airplane in 1903 as seen above. Many years later, Wilbur died on May 30th, 1912. Because of his death, Orville gave up everything because he fell into a depression. As you can see in figure 2, they were very close. During retirement, Orville died on January 30, 1948.

Figure 2

Impact on the World:
Airplanes impacted the world in many ways. For example, it is a faster and more convenient way for traveling lost distances. This helps with the alliances and trade with other countries. Also, a ton of exotic food from other countries are carried over to us by plane. One important example of how the airplane impacted the world is medical equipment. We get most of our surgical tools and machines from other countries, and without them it would be impossible to quickly transport medical items to patients in need.
One way the airplane helps the U.S. is during war, especially in World War I. Some planes were used for tracking the opponent, and other were used for releasing bombs. By the end of World War I, the airplane had transformed from a slow, steady moving aircraft, into a fast and almost impossible target.

Journal Article Review:
The article that I viewed was about a half airplane and half car. I chose this article because it was interesting to me that they have evolved the airplane into something better. It made me think about how many new opportunities for technology the airplane opened up. The Wright brother’s first airplane has inspired people into creating something more and more complex that can possibly someday change the world as the first flying machine did. This airplane car would have never been possible if it wasn’t for the men to started it all: Wilbur and Orville Wright.

Sources:

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blairplane.htm

http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/TheWrightBrother_2.htm

http://www.notablebiographies.com/We-Z/Wright-Brothers.html

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_airplanes_change_war

Article:
http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4881701&id=fvA2AAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=the+invention+of+the+airplane&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=the%20invention%20of%20the%20airplane&f=false




Figure 1: http://www.google.com.hk/imglanding?q=the+airplane&hl=zh-TW&sa=G&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&tbnid=zWil8fTo4Ed9NM:&imgrefurl=http://blog.wholetravel.com/2008/12/&imgurl=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/photorelease/q3/060803b_lg.jpg&ei=SYBeTe7SEMndgQfKhcimDQ&zoom=1&w=450&h=360&iact=hc&oei=SYBeTe7SEMndgQfKhcimDQ&page=1&tbnh=136&tbnw=179&start=0&ved=1t:429,r:22,s:0&biw=1259&bih=851
Figure 2: http://www.google.com.hk/imglanding?q=the+wright+brothers+airplane&hl=zh-TW&safe=active&biw=1276&bih=851&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&tbnid=FKL0el2P4u1euM:&imgrefurl=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ulterior-motives/200907/tools-innovation-i-normal-psychology-and-economic-recovery&imgurl=http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u107/Wright-Brothers-Airplane-001.jpg&ei=6YBeTabYIoXqgQfO7vTGDQ&zoom=1&w=590&h=426&iact=rc&oei=6YBeTabYIoXqgQfO7vTGDQ&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=183&start=0&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

Figure 3: http://www.google.com.hk/imglanding?q=the+wright+brothers&hl=zh-TW&safe=active&biw=1276&bih=851&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&tbnid=3rUz9VyoMCGAyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.myhero.com/myhero/hero.asp%253Fhero%253DWright_Bros_LC_aliman_US_2011_ul&imgurl=http://www.myhero.com/images/guest/g242901/hero75123/g242901_u88055_The-Wright-Brothers_pic_2.jpg&ei=KYFeTZn3Es3pgQeJx83GDQ&zoom=1&w=340&h=430&iact=rc&oei=KYFeTZn3Es3pgQeJx83GDQ&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=113&start=0&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

The Invention of the DVR by Jay Jenkins

History of the DVR

Introduction:

In today’s society we are all so consumed and caught up in our lives that we rarely have time to watch our favorite programs and TV shows. This also helps with catching sports programs as well. Say there is a big football game that interferes with your plans and you do not want to miss out on the play by play action, well DVR allows you the opportunity to record the game so you can watch it later when you are less busy. Also, for shows that are on at later times you can record while you are sleeping and you can then watch them later. Another thing DVR enables it’s users to do is to pause and rewind live television. These DVRs have become quite the popular addition to everyone’s electronics at home and are sweeping the nation rapidly.

Biography:

The credit for the invention of the DVR is shared by Jim Barton and Mike Ramsay. Jim Barton before the invention of the DVR was a CEO and president of a major software company. Mike Ramsay was also an executive in a different software company at the time. They eventually came to work together at a business called Silicon Graphics and Time Warner’s Full Service Network digital video system. In the beginning, there goal was to work on and eventually create a homing network device but that work ended up leading the inventors to the result of the DVR. Barton and Ramsay went a step up from VCR technology and created the future of video recording through their work of the DVR.

Human Effect:

The effect the DVR has on humans is split up into two different categories which are convenience and advertisements. The main reason people buy a product like DVR is to record their favorite TV shows in case they can’t see it for some reason when it is on its regularly scheduled programming. This is a great and convenient way for people to still see their favorite sitcoms’ or dramas’ without missing it or having to rearrange their own schedule. The only problem is that when the people then have it recorded and in their free time start watching the shows they have taped they start to fast-forward through the commercials. They pass all the advertisements that companies put out on television and don’t allow them the chance to persuade the consumer to buy their product. This could cause a decrease in markets and less opportunity for companies to sell their products.

Discovery:

The discovery of an idea of something like the DVR came in 1956 with the invention of the VCR. The VCR was basically the first version of the DVR. The VCR is a lot less convenient and lacks many of the pluses that the DVR had. For example, Where the DVR can record on its own without you there the VCR in order to tape a program requires your presence to manually record the shows. The upgrade from the VCR to the DVR took about 50 years with many different innovations to get to where it needed to be. It is safe to say that the VCR was the first step of inventing the DVR and without it the Invention of the DVR would have been much more difficult.



Journal:

This journal article was good information on the background of DVR. Personally, since I own one I can agree with the article and the facts that DVR is very beneficial at times. The DVR is very popular because it allows recording our favorite shows and watching them later. This way we will never have to miss out on the world of television.

1. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-dvr-or-digital-video-recorder.htm
2. Journal Article: http://www.ehow.com/about_5583619_digital-video-recorders-faq.html
3. http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2010/03/tivo-turns-the-dvr-into-a-flash-based-app-platform.ars

Asthma

I. Introduction
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder affecting the breathing passageways of people of all ages. There is a wide range of things that can trigger an asthma attack with many symptoms. Today, there are many tests that can help doctors target the exact problem in person with asthma and give the proper treatment to them (“Asthma,” 2010).

II. Symptoms
Asthma has many symptoms to help give the doctor an idea of the type and severity of case that person has. There are various symptoms for asthma with different levels of intensity during an asthma attack:
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or pain
• Trouble sleeping due to coughing, shortness of breath or wheezing
• Wheezing- a whistle sound-common in children
The way a person can know that their asthma is getting worse is if their symptoms are increasing in frequency and intensity. Asthma symptoms flare up in particular situations based on the type a person may have.
• Exercise-induced asthma- This takes place during exercise and tends to become more of a hindrance in colder weather rather than warmer weather.
• Occupational asthma- This type of asthma is either caused or worsened by being in an environment with irritants like chemicals, gases or dust.
• Allergy-induced asthma- This type of asthma is triggered by particular allergies that they may have like dust, mold, or pets (“Asthma,” 2011).

III. Causes
The causes for asthma are a combination of triggers from the environment and genetic factors. The triggers to asthma attacks are different for every person. Some are the following:
• Airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites)
• Respiratory infections (common cold)
• Physical activity (EIA)
• Cold weather
• Air pollutants and irritants (smoke)
• Specific medications (beta blockers, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
• Intense emotions and stress
• Food/ beverage preservatives (sulfites)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)- stomach acids back up into your throat
• Females- menstrual cycle
• Food allergic reactions (peanuts or shellfish) (“Asthma,” 2011)
Genetic association studies have shown that over 100 genes are related to asthma. Since 2005, 25 genes have been related to asthma in six or more separate populations. Many of theses genes are associated with the immune system or modulating inflammation (“Asthma,” 2011).

IV. Tests and Diagnosis
It is very difficult to diagnose patients with asthma because of the range of severity compared to other illnesses. The only way for doctors to establish a valid diagnosis is to perform certain test for their patients to determine if they have asthma and, if so, the severity. Some tests are the following:
• Spirometry- measures the narrowing of your bronchial tubes
• Peak Flow- measure how hard you can breathe out and shows the efficiency of your lungs at that time.
• Methacholine challenge- inhaling a known asthma trigger and records your reaction-
• Nitric oxide test-measures how much nirtic oxide you have in your breath-higher level when airways are inflamed
Asthma can be classified by the following:

Asthma classification--Signs and symptoms
Mild intermittent--Mild symptoms up to two days a week and up to two nights a month
Mild persistent--Symptoms more than twice a week, but no more than once in a single day
Moderate persistent--Symptoms once a day and more than one night a week
Severe persistent--Symptoms throughout the day on most days and frequently at night


(“Asthma,” 2011)

V. Journal Review Article

Exercise-induced asthma occurs after exercise and is similar to asthma on a shorter time scale. The first response is bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction comes after. Within 3 and 15 minutes, maximal airway obstruction happens after exercise. Spontaneous recovery takes place over a variable period of time that can range from hours to minutes (Bierman, 2007).




List of References
• Asthma. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic/health/asthma/DS00021

• Asthma. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001196

• Asthma. (2011). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.ork/wiki/Asthma

• Bierman, Warren. (2007, October 9). Exercise-Indused Asthma. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1987.tb00361.x/abstract