Development of the Eyeglasses

I.                   Introduction:

There had been many instruments of magnification used in the ancient times over 2000 years ago before the invention of spectacles. There are records from Rome 4BC telling of the use of water in an orb to enlarge view of letters. Cut emeralds were also used by the wealth when watching gladiator fights probably to block sunlight as well as enhance sight.

II.                Discovery:

During about 1000 AD the reading stone or magnifying glass was created. It was usually made of quart or glass cut into a spherical shape; object that was laid on top of the reading material then it made the letter bigger. The Chinese were the 1^st to take the glass pieces and place them in frames. It was after the late 1300’s that people started experimenting with putting these pieces of glass upon the face instead of on the paper.

III.             Biography of Investigator:

James Ayscough, born 1706 was not the 1^st to perfect the use of side pieces on spectacles (to hold glasses to face). The man who invented that was an English man in 1730 named Edward Scarlett; but no one is sure about any personal information about him. Ayscough however, worked off of Scarlett’s idea and created the double-hinged sided pieces. He was also the 1^st man to introduce the idea of sunglasses. He usually suggested his clients use tinted blue or green lenses to improve vision. He died in 1759.

http://www.spectaclemakers.com/specpics/photos/worlds-oldest-spectacles.jpg

1.        

worlds‑oldest‑spectacles.jpg

409 × 247 - In the seventeenth century the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers used ...

spectaclemakers.com

Similar ‑ More sizes ‑ 

IV.             IV. Impact on the world:

Spectacles were known as “a blessing to the aged”. This invention has made it so that the elderly can be more independent. Around the 1300’s spectacles became present on the subjects of paintings. They were seen as a sign of wisdom and respect. Around Europe they were also a very popular fashion statement or sign of wealth. They cost around $200 then.

V.                Journal Article Review:

From the PFD file I used there was everything I needed. Before I stared this project I had no idea how long magnification tools had been around. It’s amazing how the idea of a thin cut stone (from 4 BC) could lead to the magnifying glass, to eye glasses, then to instruments like the microscope (that we use today).

VI.             Bibliography:

·         PDF: http://www.eye.uthsc.edu/history/WhatManDevised.pdf

·         WWW: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ayscough

·        

Ultrasound: Dalymar Legrand

I. Introduction

(Figure 1)

Ultrasound is an imaging technique that provides that ability to medical practitioners. Ultrasounds are use to look inside your body. It is usually done to see your baby. Ultrasounds send out sound waves inside your body causing whatever is inside to return echoes. Those echoes are then recorded to a visualize structures beneath the skin. The visualized part is measure by the echoes reflected. This instrument is mostly accurate at seeing the interface between solid and fluid spaces. You can relate to this to the sonar on boats to see the bottom of the ocean.

II. Development

Ultrasounds can be use in many ways. But the most used are for obstetrics, echocardiography and abdominals structures. In the obstetrics they simply look for the progression of pregnancy. The ultrasound can be done two ways; trans-abdominally where the probe is placed on the abdominal wall or trans-vaginally, where the probe is placed in the vagina. The diagnoses that you can obtain from this are the growths or tumors of the ovary, uterus, and Fallopian tubes.

In the echocardiography it is use to check the heart of the baby, heart’s function, and blood flow. It is so cool that it shows you the amount of blood the heart pumps with each stroke. This process can also be done in two ways; trans- thoracic, the probe is place on the chest to obtain images or trans- esophageal, where the probe is placed through the mouth into the esophagus. The last way can is more invasive.

And last abdominal structures can evaluate the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, prostate, testicles, uterus, and ovaries. This ultrasound may find:

· Stones as well as signs of infection in the gallbladder.

· Are use to look for diseases like appendicitis or Kidney stones.

· To diagnose testicular torsion.

· Can also be use for non- pregnancy related like abdominal pain, uterine growths, and ovarian cysts.

III. Biography

William Nelson Beck was the man who invented ultrasounds. During his adulthood he was willing to fix things and people related to him as a gadget man. He was a navy pilot in World War II and event here was called the “Cadet Gadget.” He will be inventing things that could help his friends and he did so many things that saved their lives. A good achievement was the development of Mae West which at first had to be inflated by the pilots before it hit the water and thanks to the help of Nelson, it inflated manually as soon as it hit the water. After the war he went to assist at the University of South Dakota. Later on he became a physicist and by 1957, discovers the ultrasound. His neighbors always remembered him as a kind man and his enjoyment of life. Nelson died in June 16, 1996, at the age of 72. He was a modest man that no even his son knew about his early discoveries. It was not until his wife was pregnant and was going to get an ultrasound that he declared to his son that he discovered ultrasound.

(Figure 2)

IV. Impact on Human

The impact on the world is the risk and benefits that most women get from getting an ultrasound. Some of the benefits are:

· It isn’t painful.

· Is easy to use and easy to pay.

·Doesn’t use ionizing radiation.

· Gives clear images.

· You can obtain the health information of the baby and the woman health.

This is some of the benefits but I believe that from this benefits, risk comes. Most women kill their babies because of what they found out on the ultrasound.

V. Article

People don’t know yet if ultrasounds should be use selective or by routine. There is a difference between these two. To identify fetal abnormality you must go in a routine schedule due to the examination procedure. The selective procedure is done by a specific question about the baby or the pregnancy. It’s so much valuable information that you are getting out of the ultrasound; such as baby’s sex and its abnormality. You can also find out if the baby is alive or death. They also do placental grading in which is associated with increased use of other fetal techniques and a tendency to increased use of elective delivery for fetal compromise. Many obstetric already use practical routine ultrasounds in early pregnancy. The knowledge that you get from those ultrasounds can be an advantage to the baby’s health and a disadvantage for them is they are abnormal. During ultrasound examinations any time in pregnancy, mothers should see the monitor and see a clear image of their unborn and receive information that they desire.

References

Imaging ultrasound in pregnancy :: Guide Chapter 08 PDF :: Childbirth Connection. (n.d.). Childbirth Connection: helping women and families make decisions for pregnancy, childbirth, labor pain relief, the postpartum period, and other maternity care issues.. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.childbirthconnection.org/pdf.asp?PDFDownload=gecpc3ch08

Ultrasounds. (n.d.). Medicinenet. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.medicinenet.com/ultrasound

Ultrasound. (n.d.). Medicinenet. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.medicinenet.com/ultrasound

William Nelson Beck - Discoverer of Ultrasound. (n.d.). Joliet - Community Web Site for the City of Joliet. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from http://www.cityofjoliet.com/halloffame

Ultrasound - General . (n.d.). Mobile RadiologyInfo.org. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=genus#part_one

(Figure 1)

Google Image Result for http://www.yourultrasound.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/20wkuked.jpg. (n.d.). Google. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yourultrasound.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/20wkuked.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.yourultrasound.com/difference-between-2d-3d-and-4d-ultrasounds/&h=361&w=480&sz

(Figure 2)

http://www.cityofjoliet.com/images/hallpics/scientistspics/nels.jpg

Preserving Food with The Can By: Michael Murray

Intro:
Preserving food has been need for all humans even dating back to cave men. Bottle or cans an the technology changed how we eat and preserve food. Cans were made by hand in workrooms at the rate of 10 cans per day to the present day when high speed machinery produces 2,500 cans or more per minute. This valuable container that people take for granite is how humans were feed and helped them in discoveries, wars, world health improvements and technological advances. Dating back nearly two centuries. The can has evolved to changing market demands around the world when it comes to long term preserving food.

Discovery:

In 1795 when the French offered a prize of 12,000 Francs to anyone who could present to the government with a new effective way of preserving food. Nicholas Appert a Parisian who had worked as a candy maker, chef, brewer, pickle maker, and vintner had an idea. For the next 15 years he tested his idea’s. And finally after partially cooking food and then sealing it in bottles with cork stoppers and then setting bottles in boiling water he thought if food is sufficiently heated and sealed in an airtight container it will not spoil. Appert demonstrated his theory to Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte by sending samples of preserved foods to his army. Looking at military he had learned through hard experience that it does Scurvy and hunger disabled many more of Napoleon's soldiers than combat itself. Appert's samples including partridges, vegetables, and gravy were sent with soldiers to sea for more than four months. When opened different kinds of preserved foods were tasted Appert wrote, "Every one of which had retained its freshness, and not a single substance had undergone the least change at sea." Appert was awarded the 12,000 francs by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte himself. That was the first of preserving food in bottles. When England with the same idea made aluminum cans In 1845 the cans were sealed with lead which gave soldiers in 3 years really bad cases of lead poisoning. They didn’t know any better but were killing their own army with their own supplies! But that was the old days of preserving food. And the beginning of the can a new way to preserve fresh food. Cans in the 1800’s were very thick and need a chisel to open them and as time when by and the cans got thinner and got sprayed by lacquer to make them not corrode or rust which in some ways is bad for the environment. The discovery of the can opener was invented to take away the danger of cut your self on the sharp can while opening it.

How to make an aluminum can:

For almost 100 years people have made cans by hand, but now days their are machines which create 100 times more cans than canners back than. the 15 steps for these machines were 1. Aluminum or steel strip arrives at the can manufacturing plant in huge coils.
2. The strip is lubricated with a thin film of oil and then fed continuously through a cupping press which blanks and draws thousands of shallow cups every minute.
3. Each cup is rammed through a carbide rings. This is the ironing process which thins and raises the walls of the cans into their final can shape.
4. Trimmers remove the irregular edge and cut each can to a specific height. The material cut off is then recycled.
5. The trimmed can bodies are passed through washers and then dried. This removes all of the oil in preparation for coating internally and externally.
6. The clean cans are coated externally with a clear or pigment base coat which forms a good surface for the printing inks.
7. The cans pass through a hot air oven to dry the lacquer.
8. The next step is a printer which applies the printed design.
9. A coat of varnish is also applied to the base of each can by a rim.
10. The cans pass through a second oven which dries the inks.
11. The inside of each can is sprayed with lacquer. This special layer is to protect the can itself from corrosion and its contents from any possibility of interaction with the metal.
12. Once again, lacquered internal and external surfaces are dried in an oven.
13. The cans are passed through a flanger. Here the diameter of the wall is reduced. The top of the can is flanged outwards to accept the end once the can has been filled.
14. At the final stage it passes through a light tester which rejects any cans with pinholes or fractures.
The finished can bodies are then transferred to the warehouse.

Who new it was so many steps to create such a small little can!



Impact on world:

The can has helped man in discoveries traveling across oceans, the can has always been on that boat to feed the crew with fresh meals. In the civil war they had canned food which helped the north win and free the slaves. And when a hurricane hits Louisiana and people need help feeding all the homeless, Seacrest always has a can food drive which makes it easy to transport food for Louisiana, Haiti, or even China on the other side of the word. The can is such a important item that would be hard to live with out and it was inveted dating all the way back to the 1700’s. The only negative thing the can brings from preserving food is being left out in a land fill after throwing it away. So when you reed this please do recycle and the can would be a ten out of ten for impact on the world!

Journal Article:

How Henrey C. Campen in the United States back in 1800’s made the can. The sides of the can shape and how it helped play a vital role in the Civil War. The can was designed to be circular and strong to preserve food kept inside the can without bursting from a great deal of pressure inside.





List of References


1985, By. Can Manufacturers Institute. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

Bellis, By Mary. "History of Tin Cans and Can Openers." Inventors. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

"The Can Makers Represents the UK Manufacturers of Beer and Carbonated Soft Drinks Cans." The Can Makers Represents the UK Manufacturers of Beer and Carbonated Soft Drinks Cans: Home. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

"ROUND TIN CAN - Google Patent Search." Google. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

"Tin Can." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

"Who Invented the Tin Can? - Answers.Ask.com." Ask Answers - Answers.Ask.com. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. .

The Discovery of Penicillin By: Austen Werab

I. Introduction

Penicillin is a drug that was found on accident by bacteriologist named Alexander Fleming. This drug is used worldwide as a drug to help treat a variety of bacterial infections such as ear, nose, or throat infections.

II and III. The Discovery of Penicillin/Biography of Discoverer

Alexander Fleming- (1881-1955)
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland on August 6th, 1881. Alexander Fleming grew up as a farmer due to his fathers death after owning a farm. When Alexander graduated from his school, he had such high scores on his tests that he could choose any medical school he wanted. So he decided to study bacteriology at St. Mary's University in London. At the university, he began studying antibiotic enzymes that would attack and kill various types of bapcteria.But when World War I started, he had to serve as a captain in the Army Medical Corps. But while he was treating the injured soldiers, he became frustrated when the soldiers would die from the simplest types of bacteria. He returned to London in 1915. He had many experiments going at once, it became very cluttered, so in 1928 while he was organizing everything, he examined a pole of Petrie dishes before he threw them away. When examining a certain one, he noticed that mold was growing on that dish and that the mold had interrupted and killed a staphylococcus culture. He took a sample of this mold and found it in the penicillium family. He named it penicillin and found it could be used to kill bacterias that were harmful to man.

IV. Impact on the world/ humanity

Penicillin is now used worldwide as a drug to kill ear, nose, and throat infections and other types of bacterials infections. It is still used around the world today, but it made its first impact when World War II started (1939-1945). Dr. Alexander's results of this 'wonder drug' started to become a widespread of good results, so the United States used Alexander's miracle drug and produced enough to treat all of their soldiers.penicillin also started a new era of antibiotics. Many scientists heard about this miracle drug and started doing tests, which led to many other scientific discoveries of other antibiotics. This image is an example of how people in the United States loved penicillin because it would bring their loved ones home safe from the war.


V. Journal article review

Journal article link: http://www.questiaschool.com/read/5001398458?title=Microbial%20Menace
This journals article is about how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 and also how he paten the idea. It also talks about how Howard Florey and Ernst Chain made it possible to mass produce penicillin in the early 1940's when World War I was starting and they had to provide thousands of soldiers with new evolutionary medicine. It also mentions in the video stated below how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin accidentally and the mass production of it during WWII.

VIDEO:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEePs5nc-fY

VI. References

1) Alexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin: (2002 Pinkerton, JC)http://www.essortment.com/all/alexanderflemin_rmkm.htm
2) Penicillin and it's use worldwide: http://ezinearticles.com/?Penicillin-Antibiotics-Classification---Uses-and-Side-Effects&id=401820
3) Journal article: http://www.questiaschool.com/read/5001398458?title=Microbial%20Menace
4) Images 1 and 2 retrieved from: http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&source=imghp&biw=1028&bih=775&q=penicillin&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=

Barbie: A Controversial Superstar

                                                          By: Katerina Parent   

I           Introduction

            Over the past few decades, the Barbie doll has become a timeless toy and role model to children everywhere. The plastic fashion figure was an overnight sensation and the must- have toy because of her flawless features and excellent wardrobe. At first, creator Ruth Handler's dreams of fame and fortune were coming true because of Barbie, but the public began to question if it was "healthy" for their children to play with Barbie because she was so perfect. Would it make girls insecure and develop a low self-esteem because they could never be as anatomically absolute as their beautiful best friend? But because of Barbie's great success, friend Harold Matson, Ruth Handler and her husband Elliot Handler, launched their own company named Mattel, Inc. which began producing Barbie's world including houses, cars, and clothes and it continues today to make billions of dollars a year.

II          Discovery

            The Barbie doll was created by Ruth Handler, a loyal wife, mother, and businesswoman. She got the idea of creating a fashion doll when she saw her daughter Barbara playing with a two-dimensional paper figure. After a trip to Europe where she noticed a Bild Lilli Doll, a German version of what she wanted her Barbie to look like, she bought a few of them to show her business partners so they could quickly get to work. With the help of Jack Ryan (engineer), Charlotte Johnson (clothing designer), and Harold Matson, Barbie made her debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York City in March of 1959. The first Barbie dolls wore black and white striped one-piece swimsuits and could be available as a blonde or brunette. About 350,000 of these dolls were sold that year. This first Barbie sparked controversy because she was given breasts, a small waist, and long legs. These combined features were not found to be normal among young girls and could therefore cause them to experience a self-esteem issue because they did not look like Barbie. Ruth argued that she felt Barbie's "adult appearance" was necessary and that that was what made her unlike any other doll. Wikipedia (2010). Barbie

III        Biography of Investigator

            Ruth Handler was born on November 4, 1916, in Denver, Colorado to a family of Polish immigrants. Her father was a blacksmith, and her mother suffered from many health problems and unable to hold a steady job. She had nine other siblings and interestingly enough did not play with any kind of doll as a young girl. When she was 16, she met Isadore Elliot Handler in Denver and fell in love. He attended the Art Center School of Design in California and she moved there to be with him until he graduated and they could get  married. After school, Elliot worked as a designer for household items while she was a secretary for Paramount Studios. Elliot's designing skills were exposed when he collaborated with his friend Zachary to make a $2 million business. Later, Elliot worked with Harold Matson on a picture frame project and called their company Mattel, which ended up being a giant success in the toy industry with toys like Jack-in-the-boxes and ukuleles. Ruth came up with her first brilliant idea in 1955, advertising their toys on TV. It hadn't been done before because TV was still so new to the world. Toys were generally advertised in catalogues, so the Handler's took advantage of their idea that no one had had before. After Ruth had released Barbie in 1959, she realized Barbie would need a boyfriend, and created Ken (named after her son) who debuted in 1961. After Ken, Ruth created an entire family for Barbie including Skipper (1964) her little sister, Todd (1966) her brother and Tutti (1966) her other sister. Ruth was a genius businesswoman but was forced to leave Mattel Inc. after being diagnosed with breast cancer. This led to her next creation she called, "Nearly Me" which were breast implants for women who were also affected by breast cancer. Ruth had accomplished so much in her life and had great success with Barbie. She died at the age of 85 on April 27, 2002 due to complications during surgery in attempts to treat her colon cancer. Wikipedia (2010). Ruth Handler, Answers (2010) Ruth Handler

IV        Impact on the World

            Barbie has had a tremendous effect on the world and children worldwide. Barbie's have been manufactured in over 150 countries and gotten the support of famous designers such as Vera Wang, Calvin Kline, Christian Louboutin, and Bob Mackie who attended her 50th birthday party celebration and fashion show in New York City. Barbie has been a sentimental object for girls everywhere and was a great part of many people's childhood. She has upset many with her perfect body and flawless face, but has changed over the years by developing a more realistic figure and complexion and taken on many different roles such as a doctor, a pilot, a lifeguard, a mother, and much more. With all of the packages that include houses, cars, planes, clothes, wigs, pools, and runways, and the animated movies she has starred in, she has taken over the toy industry and made Mattel Inc. billions of dollars and become an international superstar and icon. Wikipedia (2010). Barbie.

V          Journal Article Review and Conclusion

            The journal article that I found by Albert M. Magro from Fairmont State College, is titled, "Why Barbie is Perceived as Beautiful." This article focuses on the more controversial aspects of Barbie which include her figure and overall appearance. Magro says that, "It is noted that the anatomical proportions of the Barbie doll are exaggerated and emphasize derived characteristics. It was proposed that in the perception of human form, derived traits are perceived as attractive while primitive traits are perceived as unattractive." He talks about how human characteristics have evolved over the years, which make our perceptions about what we like and don't like (in this case what we find beautiful and not beautiful) are constantly changing. The Barbie has exaggerated many derived traits and put them together, giving her an overall "attractive" appearance. This includes long legs and thighs, an "increase in height and more muscled and pronounced calves and buttocks," a "longer neck and less sloping shoulders," a "smaller and narrower upper and lower jaw", a "defined chin," and a "less rounded abdomen and a slimmer waistline." To compose this report, Magro also included a survey which included 495 people who evaluated over 50 figures. They were told choose which sample they preferred based on the attractive feature. Magro made it clear that this survey had nothing to do with race, age, sex, or culture, but strictly attractiveness. For example, one picture showed person A who had long legs and a long torso to person B who had short legs and a long torso. The surveyed individuals thought the longer legs were more attractive. They survey continued with long necks vs. short necks, plantar vs. dorsal foot flexion, square vs. sloping shoulders, large vs. small eyes, etc. The survey found that the Barbie included all of the desired features and therefore that is what makes the Barbie "attractive." Magro, A. (1997) Why Barbie is Perceived as Beautiful.

           

                                                References:

Magro, A. (1997) Why Barbie is Perceived as Beautiful. Retrieved on Dec. 12, 2010   http://www.hku.hk/sociodep/bbf/BBF%20Readings%20W6/W6Why_Barbie_is_perceived_as_beautiful.pdf

Answers (2010) Ruth Handler. Retrieved on Dec. 12, 2010 from          http://www.answers.com/topic/ruth-handler

Great Idea Finder (2007) Ruth Handler. Retrieved on Dec. 12, 2010 from             http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/handler.htm

Wikipedia (2010). Barbie. Retrieved on Dec. 12, 2010 from       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie

Wikipedia (2010). Ruth Handler. Retrieved on Dec. 12, 2010 from             http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Handler

The AIDS Epidemic

The AIDS Epidemic: Elliot Gonzalez


I. Introduction:
It was not too long ago, where the United States population were in a state of panic, of this new lethal disease that was spreading across the country. Doctors had never seen anything like it, studies were showing all types strange features. This was the AIDS epidemic and today we can still that it is an epidemic. Luckily doctors reacted quickly to the situation and began supplying treatments for patients. Even though many people died, the nation and the world began to learn how we can prevent this horrible disease. Countries have been affected, and families have been affected. The AIDS epidemic is truely one of the greatest threats to mankind, and as we learn more about the disease, we can prevent and save lives.



II. Discovery:
In 1981, there was a horrific and deadly disease that was discovered, when a mass quantity of gay men in New York and Los Angeles were having symptoms that the doctors were not familiar with especially in patients with a healthy immune system. The information from the doctors were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and they did their studies there.The CDC is a branch of the United States government that works on how to control disease outbreaks in the United States. Many new cases were discovered soon after, and what they conlcuded was that there was a disease that would breakdown the body's immune or natural defense system, which is what we know today as AIDS. There was confusion,fear and much denial about the new killer disease that was spreading the United States in a rapid pace, and it was a mission to find out what the cause was.



III. AIDS:
"Statistics for the end of 2009 showed that around 33.3 million people are living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Each year around 2.6 million more people become infected with HIV and 1.8 million die of AIDS."(AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT). People live with HIV/AIDS in places you would even imagine. It is affecting areas all over the world, but the worst affected area by HIV/AIDS is sub-Saharan Africa. One in every five people are living with either HIV or AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. "The epidemic is spreading very quickly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where people living with HIV has increased by 54.2% between 2001 and 2009." (AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT). According to Avert, AIDS particulary target adolescents and young adults. When these young adults die, it puts a trememndous amount of stress on the families, it puts alot of pressure on the workforces, and children would have to be orphaned.


IV. Treatment:
HIV/AIDS is not one hundred percent preventable, but we can reduce the impact of AIDS in such a big way. Changing sexual transmission will be very helpful towards sexual desires that people may want at sometime, which means a later first sex, partner reduction and condom use. Sex isn't the only transmission for HIV/AIDS; drugs and blood transfusions are also a main factor for receiving HIV/AIDS. Injecting drug use can be slowed down just as much as sexual transmissions, since needle exchanges are available and access to drug substitution treatment are feasible if prescribed by a doctor. Something that not most people know is that breastfeeding can lead to infecting an infant with HIV. That could also be prevented through medicines and avoiding to breastfeed.

The cure for AIDS has yet been to be discovered, but treatment for people living HIV has been excellent for the past twenty years, and people could live a normal life without even developing "full blown" AIDS, where during before the 1990's days they did not know how to even treat the disease. Antiretroviral drugs are the best source of treatment for people who are lving with HIV, as long as they keep taking the drugs every day, it would will be a slim chance to develop AIDS.

AVERT's HIV & AIDS Universal Access video
Many people do understand the importance of AIDS and how to prevent it, but very few people have access to the services that give these treatments. Botswana, Cambodia, Cuba and Romania, are the countries that have been most successful on accessing treatments for their people who are living with HIV/AIDS. People who are living under the middle income and that are receiving the anti-AIDS drug is only 36%.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwTGEsMgLOw&feature=player_embedded#!

(HIGHLY RECOMMEND WATCHING THIS VIDEO!!!!!)

V. Journal Article:

The journal article that I have chosen is about Carole Campbell and her take on AIDS in America, she targets women living with HIV/AIDS and America's perception on AIDS. It specifically talks about Carole Campbell who does her own research about women. She worked for the Center for Disease Control and the Health Department in Clark County, Nevada. She lays a foundation by demostrating the existence of the disease among women and children. Her statistics show that women were only a 3% of all AIDS adult cases in the early 80's and in the 90's it went up to 16%. More alarming is her report that 38% of all cases involving 13-19 year old females. America's perception on AIDS now a days are much more serious. There have been more educational prevention methods that the society has introduced. It seems that Americans has been more aware of there surroundings and the desicions they make.



VI. Conclusion:

As I said in the beginning, AIDS was a huge threat back in the 80' and 90's and it still is. AIDS does not only breed upon people witha specific race or religion, it threatens people who decide to have unprotected sex, or uses drugs. Prevention of AIDS is our own responsibility, and we have already done so much to help our world fight the disease. Education is the a main key to our success in the near future, even we teach those who are young to becareful with sex and not take drugs, there will be a better chance to reduce the impact. We must support and care for the people with HIV / AIDS with love and understanding.


VII. List of References:

Introduction to the AIDS epidemic. (n.d.). AIDS & HIV information from the AIDS charity AVERT. Retrieved January 6, 2011, from http://www.avert.org/aids-hiv.htm .

BBC World Service BBC World Service Aids Season. (n.d.). BBC - Homepage. Retrieved January 6, 2011, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1329_aids_season/page10.shtml .

Institute, S. I. (n.d.). Discovery Health "HIV/AIDS". Discovery Health "Health Guides". Retrieved January 6, 2011, from http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/hiv-and-aids-dictionary.htm .
References

Ponticelli, C. M. (2001). Women, Families, & Hiv/aids: A Sociological Perspective on the Epidemic in America. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(3), 457. Retrieved December 13, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001041834

CERN - Thomas Griffiths

I. Introduction

CERN, which stands for the European Organization of Nuclear Research is a lab underground which is comprised of scientists from many different countries. The lab is used for doing particle physics and trying to explain them. The scientists at CERN use huge particle accelerators such as the LHC to do this. Some of the member countries that are in this organization are: Austria, Belguim, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Nehterlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK.("All CERN countries," 2009)

II. Creation/Timeline of CERN

CERN was founded by Louis de Broglie and Isidor Rabi in 1954. The purpose of the creation of CERN are: seeking/finding the answers to questions about the universe, advancing in scientific technologies, bring countries together to collaborate on science, and to train scientists. CERN was built underneath Geneva.
("CERN," 2009)

Timeline of CERN:

1954- Founding of European Science
1957- First accelerator begins operations
1959- PS is created (Proton Synchrotron)
1968- devolpment of multiwire proportional
chamber (Georges Charpak)

1971- Proton-proton collider is created
1973- Neutral curents are discovered
1976- SPS is created (Super Proton Synchrotron)
1983- discovery of W and Z particles
1986- heavy-ion collisons begin in SPS
1989- LEP is created (Large Electron-Positron)
1990- The Web is created (Tim Berners-Lee)
1993- Results of antimatter-matter asymmetry
1995- first look at anti-hydrogen
2002- capture of anti-hydrogen
2008- LHC is created (Large Hadron Collider)

("CERN," 2009)

III. LHC

The LHC is a Large Hadron Collider. The point of it is to recreate the Big Bang theory in an atempt to explain why everything was created. It is also used to test out other particle physics using these experiments: ATLAS, ALICE, CMS, LHCb, TOTEM, and LHCf.

ATLAS and CMS- used to analyse particles given off by the collisions. (big)

ALICE and LHCb- used to analyse the collisions compared to phenomena. (medium)

TOTEM and LHCf- used to study forward particles. (small)

In the video below it shows how the LHC works: ("CERN," 2009)

http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1125472

IV. Impact on the world


CERN has expanded/invented many scientific advances (shown in timeline). With these advances CERN has helped get closer to many questions on how stuff was created and why. They have also brought together many countries to work together on one common goal, science.
("CERN," 2009)

V. Journal article

In this journal article they talk about how they produced antihydrogen along with how they need a cluster target at a antiproton beam. He also explains what antimatter is and says that it is very hard to experiment on due to it only lasting for less than a second. Along with his lengthy explanation of what is going on he also has diagrams to show exactly what is going on.

http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/294105/files/open-96-001.pdf?version=1

VI. References

Pics:

1. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.orbit.zkm.de/files/cern.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.orbit.zkm.de/%3Fq%3Dnode/366&usg=__k_xs4XVM2GuWziDh9PjhjiOM0Us=&h=292&w=410&sz=21&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=-md-kFdwuAxqiM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=155&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCERN%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D519%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=278&vpy=102&dur=1990&hovh=189&hovw=266&tx=137&ty=91&ei=thAFTb22LcK88gbwxJzpAg&oei=thAFTb22LcK88gbwxJzpAg&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0

2. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.infiniteunknown.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/cern-superconductor_798280c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.infiniteunknown.net/tag/cern/&usg=__wnUfiJspMY0-BRDnpW04fWuiRB4=&h=288&w=460&sz=55&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=RlEp1pBFY6CdYM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=155&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCERN%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D519%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=103&vpy=106&dur=3877&hovh=178&hovw=284&tx=190&ty=75&ei=thAFTb22LcK88gbwxJzpAg&oei=thAFTb22LcK88gbwxJzpAg&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

3. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kfki.hu/~tokaj08/CERN_LHC_tunnel.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kfki.hu/~tokaj08/circ1.html&usg=__hMM79Z6-9SiSMjObz1ZN-jXeQa0=&h=354&w=640&sz=38&hl=en&start=16&zoom=1&tbnid=lCTE3p4dsGF_hM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=149&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCERN%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D519%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=186&ei=8xAFTcmkB8H88AbyztnyAg&oei=thAFTb22LcK88gbwxJzpAg&esq=2&page=2&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:16&tx=82&ty=24

Websites:

1. All CERN countries (2009). International Relations.
Retrieved December 12, 2010, from http://
international-relations.web.cern.ch/
International-Relations/office/listcountries.html

2. CERN (2009). European Organization of Nuclear Research
Retrieved December 11, 2010, from http://
public.web.cern.ch/public/Welcome.html